28 Jul 2026

Unit 3: Creating Types in C#

Classes A Class is a user-defined blueprint or template that defines the data (fields) and behavior (methods) of objects. It is one of the fundamental concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in C#. A class specifies what an object will contain and how it will behave. Objects are created from classes, just as many houses can…

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14 Jul 2026

UNIT I: Introducing C# and the .NET Framework

Object Orientation Object Orientation (OO) is a programming paradigm that organizes software into objects that contain both data (properties) and behavior (methods). It helps developers write reusable, secure, and maintainable programs. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is the foundation of C#. Instead of writing long procedural code, programs are divided into objects that interact with each other.…

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13 Jul 2026

Recursion

Recursion is an essential programming and mathematical technique where a function calls itself, either directly or indirectly, to solve a computational task. The core principle of recursion relies on the “Divide and Conquer” philosophy: a large, complex problem is decomposed into smaller sub-problems of the exact same type until they become simple enough to be…

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13 Jul 2026

Unit 2: The Physical Layer

2.1 Functions of Physical Layer Important definition (2-mark) Common mistake ASCII diagram — Physical layer in OSIApplication────────────────────Presentation────────────────────Session────────────────────Transport────────────────────Network────────────────────Data Link────────────────────Physical (bits, cables, radio) <– focus layerExplanation: This shows physical layer is the bottom layer handling bits and media parameters. 2.2 Data and Signals: Analog and Digital signals, Transmission Impairment, Data Rate Limits, Performance Memory trick 2.3 Data…

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13 Jul 2026

Linked List

A Linked List is a linear data structure where elements are not stored in adjacent or contiguous memory locations. Instead, elements are dynamically linked using memory pointers. As an Abstract Data Type (ADT), a linked list defines a set of clear structural operations—such as insertion, deletion, and traversal—without specifying the exact lower-level implementation. This logical…

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