13 Jul 2026

Unit 2: The Physical Layer

2.1 Functions of Physical Layer Important definition (2-mark) Common mistake ASCII diagram — Physical layer in OSIApplication────────────────────Presentation────────────────────Session────────────────────Transport────────────────────Network────────────────────Data Link────────────────────Physical (bits, cables, radio) <– focus layerExplanation: This shows physical layer is the bottom layer handling bits and media parameters. 2.2 Data and Signals: Analog and Digital signals, Transmission Impairment, Data Rate Limits, Performance Memory trick 2.3 Data…

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